Standardization of 5G

Wangshiwu

Wangshiwu 5G networks will offer an unprecedented leap in bandwidth speeds in comparison to previous mobile networks. It will also offer reduced latency and improve overall network efficiency. Streamlining network architectures will deliver end-to-end latency requirements of less than 5 ms. This will allow 5G to offer ultra-reliable low-latency communication for machine-to-machine and public safety applications.  With end-to-end digital service transformation it will minimize OPEX, deliver efficiencies, and drive revenue growth. For 5G to deliver an attractive business model to mobile network operators and their customers, the network must enable efficient provisioning of a wide variety of new services for varied customers with different service level needs and performance requirements. Breakthroughs in wireless network innovation will also drive economic and societal growth in entirely new ways. The development of 5G technologies is a cornerstone for realizing breakthroughs in the transformation of ICT network infrastructure. Ultra-broadband and intelligent-pipe network features that achieve near-instantaneous, "zero distance" connectivity between people and connected machines--no matter where they are--are just the first step. 5G will herald an even greater rise in the prominence of mobile access for realizing total ICT network growth and expansion. Over time, any mobile app and any mobile service will be given the potential to connect to anything at any time--from people and communities to physical things, processes, content, working knowledge, timely pertinent information and goods of all sorts in entirely flexible, reliable and secure ways. 5G technologies will need to be capable of delivering fiber-like 10 gbps speeds to make possible ultra-high definition visual communications and immersive multimedia interactions. These technologies will depend on ultra-wide bandwidth with sub-millisecond latencies. 5G wireless networks will support 1,000-fold gains in capacity, connections for at least 100 billion devices, and a 10 Gbps individual user experience capable of extremely low latency and response times. Deployment of these networks will emerge between 2020 and 2030.  5G radio access will be built upon both new radio access technologies (RAT) and evolved existing wireless technologies (LTE, HSPA, GSM and WiFi). Breakthroughs in wireless network innovation will also drive economic and societal growth in entirely new ways. 5G will realize networks capable of providing zero-distance connectivity between people and connected machines. 5G will provide the foundational infrastructure for building smart cities, which will push mobile network performance and capability requirements to their extremes. Low latency and extremely high reliability, however, will also be essential requirements for the likes of mobile industrial automation, vehicular connectivity, and other IoT applications. Connectivity + Computing + Cloud is becoming the main engine of mobile industry growth where ubiquitous connectivity with super-fast speed, IoT applications, AI, Intelligent Computing, chip-device-cloud synergy for intelligent experience, Smart Manufacturing, e-services and cloud will be the key enablers in near future. 5G will Bring MBB (Mobile Broadband) to a whole new level and serve for digital transformation.  The three main requirements for establishing 5G will be eMBB (Enhanced Mobile Broadband), uRLLC (Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communication) and mMTC (Massive Machine Type Communications). eMBB will ensure 100 Mbps user experienced data rate and 20 Gbps peak data rate which is 100 times faster than current 4G. eMBB will increase the spectrum efficiency by three-fold. uRLLC will be a must for ensuring IoT, because everything from personal gadgets to home appliances to industry machines and all types of vehicles will be intricately connected with everything. Such a huge connection will need very low latency around 1 millisecond or even less.  Here, huge data will not be necessary but low latency will be a must as the devices will have to follow the users' commands within milliseconds. For example, if a smart car misses a signal for a perfect U-turn, a deadly accident can occur resulting in loss of lives. uRLLC will ensure 0.5ms latency within an area of at least 500 km. That's really amazing. However, the mMTC will be needed for ensuring connectivity among a very big density of users in an area. To be precise, mMTC will provide 1 million connection per kilometer. All these technologies will give us 100 times more energy efficient operation in 5G. So, 5G will be the entrance of the digital world with All Things Connected. 5G will bring enormous new opportunities. It will also ensure different tariff models for users and connect everything. Cloud X will be another frontier to ensure next level user experience, which will unleash new business potentials and create more apps and devices to make everything wireless and convenient. Things were PC native in 2G and 3G, where connections and services are Mobile natives in 4G. But in 5G, everything is going to be Cloud native.  For instance, a gamer fond of playing high-end games will no longer need a high-end smartphone to access his desired game. Just a simple smartphone will be enough to play the super powerful games through Could X. Because there will be cloud PC which will actually function in the cloud and the smartphone will only act as a joystick or monitor or controller remotely. Such distant operation will need very fast internet of at least 100 Mbps which will be ensured by 5G. We have already seen such applications in South Korea. Vertical Industries are going through a new wave of generational transformation driven by multiple factors including societal changes, economic challenges and ageing of populations. In the next decade, many industries are evolving towards distributed production, connected goods, low energy processes, increasing automation, collaborative robots, integrated manufacturing and logistics. The major incentives abetting this transformation are the potential to reap cost advantages and improve efficiencies by leveraging and integrating the latest advancements in the cellular, electronic, computing and manufacturing industries. For example, by 2020, autonomous and cooperative vehicles with enhanced safety and security standards are expected to be adopted in the US, Japan and Europe. 5G is developing faster than we ever imagined and the ecosystem is maturing in 2019. eMBB has already been established. uRLLC and mMTC are coming soon and we have already seen massive improvement. More than 100 operators will launch commercial 5G network in between 2019 and 2020. Operators all over the world are getting prepared to roll out 5G. But for that, they need to have a 100MHz spectrum constantly.  Already in China and the US, the operators are using 2.6 GHz, 3.5 GHz bands. So seemingly, these bands among 2 to 5 GHz range are going to become a trend. In Bangladesh also, it will be wiser to take preparation for 2300MHz or 2600MHz band, and C-Band (3.5G Range) as ecosystem matures, especially the 5G terminals which will be ready first at those range. Ensuring the spectrum will be the first challenge for 5G enrollment as the spectrum needed for stable throughput will be much more than the current network in Bangladesh. We believe, the government, as well as BTRC, will closely collaborate in this regards. And Huawei is ready to provide all necessary equipment to help Bangladesh step into the 5G era. The writer is Chief Technical Officer, Huawei Technologies Bangladesh Ltd

5G in Bangladesh

5G in Bangladesh

Guillaume Mascot *

Nokia understands that 5G requires a fundamental transformation to Operators’ network and business model. The necessary changes would touch all the domains of the network i.e., access, transport and core. This transformation journey involves number of intermediate steps to reach a certain level of maturity so that its full potential can be exploited. Understanding and focusing on right use cases for a particular market is a key for the success of 5G introduction. 5G provides a leapfrog of network capabilities in several dimensions i.e., access independent connectivity, extreme throughput, ultralow latency, virtual network slices. These unique capabilities produce limitless possibilities to articulate customized use cases relevant for a specific market.

5G mobile communications will cover a wider range of use cases and related applications including video streaming, augmented reality, different ways of data sharing, and various forms of machine type applications, including vehicular safety, different sensors, and real-time control. 5G also needs the flexibility to support future applications that are not yet fully understood or even known. Starting with trials in 2016 and the deployment of first use cases in 2017, the full 5G system will be introduced in 2019/20 and will be in use well beyond 2030.

Nokia envisions 5G as a system providing scalable and flexible services with a virtually zero latency gigabit experience when and where it matters. In addition, 5G will provide at least a ten-fold improvement in the user experience over 4G, with higher peak data rates, improved “everywhere” data rates and a ten-fold reduction in latency.

The biggest difference between 5G and legacy design requirements is the diversity of use-cases that 5G networks must support compared to today’s networks that were designed primarily to deliver high speed mobile broadband. However, 5G will be about people and things that can be broadly split into three use case categories:

• Massive broadband that delivers gigabytes of bandwidth on demand

• Critical machine-type communication (uRLLC) that demands immediate, synchronized eyeto-hand feedback to remotely control robots and deliver the tactile Internet

• Massive MTC (mMTC) that connects billions of sensors and machines,

Nokia has established a broad range of innovation partnerships to find a common direction through collaboration in requirement setting, technology research and is a front leader in global standardization bodies related to 5G.

5G opens a wide range of possibilities for selecting frequency bands. The 5G footprint would be a combination of low, mid and high frequency bands. The low frequency bands (<1 24-28="" 39="" 6="" and="" are="" band="" bands="" broad="" capacity="" communication="" coverage.="" critical="" embb="" enhanced="" for="" frequency="" full="" ghz="" great="" grid="" high-range="" high="" input="" latency="" like="" local="" lot="" low="" lte="" massive="" mid-range="" mm-waves="" mobile="" multiple="" o:p="" output="" reliable="" sub="" suitable="" the="" ultra="" urllc="" with="">

The main spectrum for 5G deployment globally is seen to be 3.3 – 4.2 GHz. This frequency range will be the most widely licensed spectrum in the history of mobile networks. As per GSMA (Global System for Mobile Communications Association) report in November 2018, 107 operators worldwide used 3.5 GHz band for trialing/launching 5G which is the highest number when compared with other band chosen by the operators. 5G in 3.5 GHz band can use existing base station sites for rapid deployment, while providing similar coverage to the existing LTE network at 1.8 GHz. 5G beamforming gives higher antenna gain, helping compensate for the higher path loss at 3.5 GHz compared to 1.8 GHz. The device ecosystem also would be evolving mainly around the most widely used frequency band which is 3.5 GHz. For the highrange frequency bands the most widely used bands are 26 GHz and 28 GHz bands.

Countries in Asia Pacific region are no exceptions when come to spectrum selection for 5G activities. Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Singapore, New Zealand – all of these countries are investigating 3.5 GHz for mid-range band and 26/28 GHz for high-range band. They are mostly preparing for launching 5G by year 2020. In some countries like Vietnam, strong policy push is noticed for 4th Industrial revolution with 5G by 2020/2021.

Spectrum is the lifeblood of mobile communications and spectrum-related policies, including spectrum management, are critical for the future development of networks, including the evolution to 5G. To enable adoption, operators must be assured that sufficient and affordable spectrum is available in a timely manner. This is required to support the growing mix of data traffic that will be generated by the increasing number of humans and machines that will access (future) networks. Spectrum pricing should be balanced against network investments that will be required to ensure the ubiquitous availability of networks and services. Excessive pricing of spectrum can have as effect limited future investments in networks and innovative services and may delay their adoption. A simplification of the regulatory requirements attached to spectrum licenses will benefit operators (e.g. a technology neutral approach to spectrum, coverage obligations per technology, etc.) and an investment friendly environment should be put in place.

5G is a key for Digital Bangladesh. Clear and predictable legal regulatory framework and wireless strategy for true ubiquitous access are pivotal for building the regulations as demand stimulation tool. Finally understanding and embracing the challenges that 4th Industrial Revolution will bring is of great importance – careful considerations around socio-economic aspects, skill demands, investments in ICT infrastructure should be undertaken for better preparations of this new wave.

*Head of Government Relations APJ (Asia-Pacific, Japan), NOKIA

Bridging the Standardization Gap

Md. Saiful Islam *

World Telecommunication and Information Society Day (WTISD) purpose is to help raise awareness of the possibilities that the use of Internet and other information and communication technologies (ICT) can bring to societies and economies, as well as of ways to bridge the digital divide. The 2019 theme will allow ITU Membership and other key stakeholders to focus on the opportunities for:

• Participation of developing countries in ITU’s standards-making process;

• Empowering local experts in the standardization process at the national, regional and international levels; and

• Promoting the implementation of international standards in developing countries

The United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and associated targets will stimulate action until 2030 in areas of critical importance for humanity and the planet. Like Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman said at the UNGA in 1974: “The role of Science and technology is to ensure minimum conditions of decent life for everyone everywhere”. Similarly ICT for SDG in Bangladesh focuses on no poverty, quality education, gender equality, industry innovation and infrastructure, peace and justice and partnerships for the goals. Digital Technology Waves started with Internet in 2000 where the number of users or devices with Internet reached one Billion. The second wave of Mobile Internet started in 2010 when the number of users reached a staggering ten Billion. The third wave of Internet of Things (IoT) is starting around 2020 where the no of users or devices is forecasted to reach 50 Billion. The fourth wave or the wave of Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning and Robotics is something also in the very near future. Bridging the Standardization Gap in Bangladesh: Critical Areas for bridging the standardization gap in Bangladesh include:

1. Mitigating the Knowledge Gap

2. R&D Facilities

3. Standardization in rules & regulations

4. Standardization of Equipment

5. Standardization of Quality of Service

Below is an elaboration of the Challenges in bridging the Standardization Gap in Bangladesh context.

1.       Mitigating the Knowledge Gap: Creating the “Right” Enabling Environment for telecommunications & ICT in Bangladesh includes:

• Adding relevant topics in the educational curriculum.

• Creating an “Enabling environment” meaning policy, legal, market, and social considerations that interact both at domestic and global levels to create fertile conditions for ICT-led growth.

• Regulatory reform in terms of regulation of communications services and infrastructure, data privacy protection, security, intellectual property rights, public infrastructure, Internet governance (including domain name registra- * Director & Head, Network Planning & Deployment, Grameenphone Ltd. tion), and general principles of competition. Telecom operators, regulators and competition authorities also need to update their knowledge of what creates competition in the market.

• Competition from over the top (OTT) providers

• The evolution of network technology

• Single Play vs. Full Service Providers

• Changing Regulation in Investment Time Horizon

2.      R&D Facilities: Research and development (R&D) refers to innovative activities undertaken by corporations or governments in developing new services or products, or improving existing services or products. OEMs (Original Equipment Vendors) must establish R&D centers in Bangladesh if their business volume crosses a certain limit (for ex 100 Mil USD per Annum) in the country. Existing giants like Microsoft, Apple, Samsung, etc. are making massive investments in Asian countries to utilize the cost advantage. Bangladesh, with its huge under-utilized manpower (cheaper than India, Malaysia and China), can also benefit from these initiatives, provided an established foreign investment platform with a nationwide IT infrastructure and skilled labor force is created. Policy of the Country needs to support development of R&D Facilities. Some examples which could create a favorable environment for R&D establishments are listed below:

a. Mobilization of sufficient research and training funds, venture and investment capitals from government, public, private and external sources for the promotion and application of R&D Centers.

b. Promotion of awareness about the importance of R&D among politicians, bureaucrats, researchers, managers, administrators, academics, professionals, members of the public and other stake holders.

c. Strengthening of intellectual property rights regime (e.g. enactment and enforcement of laws, strengthening of administrative and judiciary institutions) of the country.

3.      Standardization of Rules & Regulations:

There is a burning need for regulating telecommunication. Some steps in this regard can be as below:

a. The regulations of interconnection and pricing are the critical steps by regulators in the transition from monopoly to a competitive market.

b. In order to develop a national sound telecommunication infrastructure to support the economy and welfare of the country by providing telecommunication facilities on demand, assuring satisfactory quality of service and ensuring value to the customers, a sound National Telecommunication Policy (and regulations) are essential.

c. The existence of a functioning regulatory regime means the investors will feel safe to invest in a level playing field free from anticompetitive practices.

d. The radio frequency spectrum is considered to be a valuable limited national resource. It has been maintained by different national governments that control must be exercised on the allocation and usage of the radio frequency in order to check anarchy and disorder.

4.      Standardization of Equipment:

Standardization of equipment mainly consists of Interoperability, Quality equipment as well as being energy efficient. a. Interoperability: interoperability is the ability for two or more networks, systems, devices, applications or components to communicate. As networks continue to grow and diversify with the 5G and IoT era on the horizon, it b. Quality Equipment: We always encounter ITU’s international standards every day without knowing it. A hidden part of the information and communication (ICT) networks and devices we all use every day, ITU standards are rarely perceived by users but vital in enabling the interconnection and interoperability of ICT equipment and devices manufactured by hundreds of thousands of different companies around the world. ITU standards provide developers with a global market, enabling economies of scale in production and deployment that translate into benefits for users in both cost and functionality.

c. Energy Efficient: Telecom Networks have increased significantly in utility and capacity and are now a critical feature of most businesses. However, the energy consumed by networks has also increased. Power measurement is an essential part of the energy evaluation. Consequently, a complete definition of all of the factors influencing power consumption is necessary. First, it is necessary to define environmental factors, such as temperature, humidity and barometric pressure which all affect power consumption. Next step towards energy conservation in networks is to evaluate the energy efficiency of individual components as part of the selection process during evaluation or upgrade.

5. Standardization of Quality of Service (QoS): Quality of Service (QoS) consists of a set of parameters related to the performance of traffic on telecommunication network. QoS definitions contained in the ITU-T as: “The collective effect of service performance which determine the degree of service user satisfaction”. Telecommunication operators and service providers are able to provide better QoS, are more likely to retain existing customers and may increase again from rival operator customer churn. But a better QoS requires greater costs. Normally, each operator will balance QoS and cost. BTRC QoS Guidelines mainly focuses on End-toEnd QoS measurement establishment of subscribers including Subscriber perceived quality. QoS should encompass end to end value chain including NTTNs, Tower Companies etc. Power infrastructure is an integral part of the value chain and it’s the biggest cog in the wheel of Digital Bangladesh ambitions. Net Neutrality is another important factor of QoS. Internet service providers should treat all Internet communications equally and not discriminate or charge differently based on user, content, website, platform, application, type of equipment, or method of communication. There are no laws in Bangladesh regulating Internet Service Providers (ISPs) asking them to treat all data equally. ISPs are more than welcome to pick winners and losers, or even coerce payments from others. ISPs already have broad powers to restrict access to websites under the directive of courts and governments, and have done so in the past. We as patrons have little choice but to protest loudly against such moves. This leads to allowing a fair treatment to every website. Under this principle, governments should mandate ISPs to treat all data on the internet the same, and not discriminate or charge differently by user, content, website, platform, application, type of attached equipment, or method of communication. Due to the above challenges Standardization delay may occur in Bangladesh and there are consequences in this delay. For example, there may be delay in 5G trial and the rollout of this Technology. Users may get lower speeds, higher delay and jitter as well as packet loss. The VAS-Content ecosystem flourishment delay as well as time to market for M-Agriculture and M-Health use cases. Overall this will impact Digital Bangladesh ambitions in the future. Guidelines for Establishment of a National Standardization Secretariat for ITU-T: Developing countries like Bangladesh need to be an integral part of ITU-T standards settings processes.

Guidelines for establishment of a National Standardization Secretariat for the ITU-T (NSS) include:

1. Preparing and submitting contributions to ITU-T study groups and TSAG (Telecommunication Standardization Advisory Group): − Member states submit inputs to all ITU-T SGs and Associates to one ITU-T SGs. In preparing contributions directives should be followed.

2. Approval and deletion of ITU-T recommendations: − Traditional Approval Process (TAP) for new and revised recommendations is done by a study group which reached DETERMINATION that the draft text is mature to the approval procedures.

3. Approval and deletion of study Questions: − The work projects are defined in study Questions; − Questions and their allocation among the SGs are approved by (World Telecommunication Standardization Assembly) once every four years.

4. Role of the Member State in the process for private sector entities to join the ITU-T: − Member state decides whether or not to forward an organizations application to the ITU.

5. Authorizing delegations to ITU-T meetings: − Attendees include Member States in addition to other entities that are authorized or invited to attend.

6. Requests for TIES (Telecommunication Information Exchange Service) accounts: − Participation in the work of ITU-T and its SGs is not possible without a TIES account..

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* Director & Head, Network Planning & Deployment, Grameenphone Ltd.